- Islamic expansion in Europe and its results . - The Byzantines and the Muslins (Arabs, Seljuks) - The Crusades : motives and trends: 1) In the East 2) In Spain - The Islamic response - Muslims and Turks in central Asia - The rise of Gengiz Khan and the Mongols invasion - The expansion of Hulagu . - The Ilkhanids - The Mongols adopt Islam.